Parametric Oscillator - Microwave Frequency Divider

Gregory explains what is Parametric Modulation and how it can lead to Parametric Oscillation.

Parametric amplifiers and frequency dividers are a class of devices less known by RF enthusiasts.

Modulation of some parameter of the circuit, commonly the active gain or the resonant susceptances, enables amplification by energy pumping or sub-harmonic oscillation.

The phenomenon is used, over a microwave oscillator, to generate injection locking at half the input frequency. In the example, the circuit is excited with 2.6GHz and the output is a clean tone of 1.3GHz.

The circuit utilizes a single transistor and, with the help of microstrip resonators, can be used as a frequency divider for very high frequencies.

Original article at Gusberti Analog:
https://gusbertianalog.com/parametric...

Video showing the oscillator topology, from Matjaz Vidmar:
   • Microwave 1.7GHz VCO Oscillator  

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00:22 - Frequency divider setup overview
01:25 - Parametric oscillation - energy perspective
07:25 - Bias of the varactors and injection locking
07:45 - Input frequency tracking
08:15 - Injection locking - signal perspective

References:
https://www.nii.ac.jp/qis/first-quant...
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramet...
https://www.rp-photonics.com/parametr...
https://arxiv.org/abs/2108.10471
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injecti...