Culture Chapter 5 Class 11 Sociology
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Загружено: 2025-01-06
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Today I'm gonna talk about
5.1 Culture: Definitions and Type
5.2 Classification of culture
5.3 Components of culture
5.4 Characteristics of culture
5.5 Importance of culture
5.6 Ethnocentrism
5.7 Hybridization of culture
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The concept of culture is complicated
and vague. The word culture has been
used in a number of different ways both,
by
sociologists
conversation.
and
Culture
in
was
everyday
popularly
defined as the whole way of life found in
a particular society. Culture is learned and
shared by members of a society. What
distinguishes humans from non-humans is
the possession of culture.
The term ‘culture’ was first used by
Edward Tylor in 1871. The word culture
is derived from the Latin word ‘cultura’.
The meaning of cultura is ‘growing’,
‘cultivation’. Therefore, when the word
culture is used in our everyday conversation
we tend to think of it as an equivalent to
the higher or refined things of the mind
or of life viz; art, music, philosophy etc.
However, the sociological meaning of
culture will include more than these.
Sociologists don’t look at culture as
something that distinguishes individuals
on the basis of refined tastes but as a way
of life in which all members of society
participate.
5.1.1 Definitions
1. Edward Tylor : “Culture is that
complex whole which includes
knowledge, belief, art, morals, law,
custom and any other capabilities and
habits acquired by man as a member
of society.”
2. Oxford Dictionary : “The ideas,
customs, and social behaviour of a
particular people or society.”
3. Bronislaw Malinowski : “Culture is
the expression of our nature in our
modes of living and thinking our
everyday intercourse, in art, in
literature, in religion, in recreation
and in enjoyment.”
Types of culture :
Material culture: Material culture
consists of objects which are made by
human beings. They are concrete and
tangible in nature.
Non-material culture: Non-material culture
refers to ideas created by human beings.
The nature of non-material culture is
abstract and intangible. For e.g. norms,
regulations, values, signs and symbols,
knowledge, beliefs etc. Non-material
culture is further divided into cognitive
and normative aspects of culture. The
cognitive aspects refer to understanding as
well as, how we make sense of all the
information around us.
e.g. ideas, knowledge, beliefs. The normative aspects
consist of folkways, mores, customs,
conventions and laws. These are mainly
values or rules that guide social behavior.
Classification of Culture :
1. High culture: High culture refers to
cultural creations that have high
status. They are considered as the
epitome of the highest levels of
human creativity. For many, high
culture is seen as aesthetically superior
to other forms of culture.
For
example, work of classical
composers like Mozart, Beethoven,
Bhimsen Joshi, Hariprasad Chourasia,
Ravi Shankar, or the literature of
Shakespeare.
2. Folk culture: Folk culture refers to
the culture of ordinary people,
particularly those living in pre-
industrial societies. It is an authentic
culture. According to Srinati, it can
never aspire to be an art but its
distinctiveness is accepted
and respected. For example, folk music,
folk tales which are handed down
from generation to generation;
Bhangada in Punjab, Nautanki in
Uttarpradesh and Lavani in Maharashtra.
3. Mass culture: If folk culture is seen
as the characteristic of pre-industrial
society, mass culture is a product of
industrial societies. Mass culture is
essentially a product of mass media.
For example, popular feature films,
TV soap-operas, recorded pop music.
4. Popular culture: Popular culture
includes any cultural product
appreciated by a large number of
ordinary people (i.e. folk) with no
great pretentions of cultural expertise.
For example, mass market films such as Star Wars or Titanic, Harry Potter
books, Chandoba, Chhota Bhim etc.
5. Subculture: Subcultures refer to
groups of people that have something
in common with each other which
distinguishes them from other social
groups. For example, culture shared
by religious groups, ethnic groups,
youth groups.
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