⚖️ 50% Reservation Cap Explained | Indra Sawhney, EWS Quota, Caste Census & UPSC Polity GS-2

The 50% reservation ceiling has once again come under debate, with states like Bihar demanding 85% quota and Karnataka already crossing the 56% mark. Is the 50% limit binding, flexible, or outdated?

In this video, Anusha Ma’am explains the constitutional, judicial, and policy aspects of the 50% cap:

🔹 Constitutional Framework – Articles 15(4), 15(5), 16(4), 16(4A), 16(4B), 46
🔹 Journey of Reservations – From 1950 to Mandal Commission (1990), 93rd CAA (2005), 103rd CAA (2019)
🔹 Judicial Landmarks
• Balaji v Mysore (1962) – “reasonable limit” of 50%
• Indra Sawhney (1992) – upheld OBC quota and 50% ceiling
• Janhit Abhiyan (2022) – upheld 10% EWS quota, clarified cap for backward classes only
• Davinder Singh (2024) – creamy layer debate for SC/STs
🔹 Emerging Issues – Caste census demands, Rohini Commission, vacant reserved posts, unequal access
🔹 Arguments For Breaching Cap – Demographic share above 60%, state precedents (TN, MH, HR), substantive equality
🔹 Arguments Against – Judicial precedent, efficiency concerns, creamy layer, backlog vacancies
🔹 Way Forward – Caste census, sub-categorisation, dynamic cap, education and skills investment

📌 UPSC Relevance
Prelims: Articles, Amendments, Landmark Cases
Mains GS-2: Social Justice, Reservation Policy, Judiciary vs Legislature
Essay: Equality vs Social Justice

#UPSC2025 #ReservationDebate #50PercentCap #IndraSawhney #CasteCensus #PolityGS2

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