Carbohydrates (Part 1 of 4) - Introduction

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In this video, I introduce the topic of carbohydrates / sugars.

(CH2O)n is the general formula for a monosaccharide or simple sugar. Glucose (C6H12O6) is a very common and very important example.

Carbohydrate names end in “-ose”
Aldoses have aldehydes in their straight-chain forms (depicted as Fischer projections)
Ketones have ketones in their straight-chain forms (depicted as Fischer projections)

There are D sugars and L sugars, and the convention is based on the Fischer projections of D-glyceraldehyde and L-glyceraldehyde. The two are enantiomers because they are opposite in absolute configuration at all of their chiral centers (which, in this case, is only one). D-glyceraldehyde has an OH on the right, while L-glyceraldehyde has an OH on the left. Sugars that have their last OH on the right are D sugars; sugars that have their last OH are L sugars. Most sugars that exist in life forms are D sugars.

In the video, I depict the difference between Fischer projections (straight chain sugars) and Haworth projections (sugars in their ring forms). I also briefly mention the idea of anomers as a class of epimers, which are a specific class of diastereomers.

Diastereomers are stereoisomers that differ in at least one, but not all chiral centers.
Epimers are stereoisomers that differ at only one chiral center (they are a subclass of diastereomers).
Anomers are stereoisomers that differ at only one chiral center when that chiral center is specifically the anomeric carbon, the stereocenter that forms when a sugar forms a ring. Anomers are a subclass of epimers.

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