1G to 6G Mobile Networks

Brief Introduction

Cellular networks have evolved from simple voice-only systems to complex, intelligent infrastructures supporting broadband access, ultra-low latency communication, massive machine connectivity, and future AI-driven services. While terms such as LTE, 5G, and 6G are often associated with higher data rates, each new generation actually represents a fundamental shift in network architecture, radio access, and service philosophy.

Understanding these generations becomes challenging when theoretical concepts, real-world deployments, and simulation models are mixed without clarity. Network simulators like ns-3 do not replicate physical radio waveforms; instead, they provide abstract, packet-level models that allow researchers and students to study performance, protocols, mobility, scheduling, and architectural behavior.

This lab sequence is designed to bridge that gap. Starting with LTE, the most mature and fully supported cellular model in ns-3, it gradually transitions to 5G NR and finally explores future and 6G-oriented concepts through experimental and conceptual simulations. The goal is not only to learn how to simulate cellular networks, but to understand why cellular architectures evolved the way they did and what can realistically be studied using ns-3.

For ns-2, ns-3, and OMNeT++ related articles, visit https://projectguideline.com. To run and visualize these simulations on an interactive playground, visit https://afarion.com".