112P - Nomenclature of benign and malignant cancers, How to name cancers, mixed tumors explained

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In general, benign tumors are designated by attaching the suffix -oma to the cell type from which the tumor arises. A benign tumor arising in fibrous tissue is a fibroma; a benign cartilaginous tumor is a chondroma. The nomenclature of benign epithelial tumors is more complex. They are classified sometimes on the basis of their microscopic pattern and sometimes on the basis of their macroscopic pattern. Others are classified by their cells of origin.

Malignant neoplasms arising in mesenchymal tissue or its derivatives are called sarcomas. A cancer of fibrous tissue origin is a fibrosarcoma, and a malignant neoplasm composed of chondrocytes is a chondrosarcoma. Sarcomas are designated by their histogenesis (i.e., the cell type of which they are composed). Malignant neoplasms of epithelial cell origin are called carcinomas. It must be remembered that the epithelia of the body are derived from all three germ-cell layers; a malignant neoplasm arising in the renal tubular epithelium (mesoderm) is a carcinoma, as are the cancers arising in the skin (ectoderm) and lining epithelium of the gut (endoderm). It is evident that mesoderm may give rise to carcinomas (epithelial) and sarcomas (mesenchymal). Carcinomas may be qualified further. Carcinomas that grow in a glandular pattern are called adenocarcinomas, and those that produce squamous cells are called squamous cell carcinomas. Sometimes the tissue or organ of origin can be identified, as in the designation of renal cell adenocarcinoma or cholangiocarcinoma, which implies an origin from bile ducts. Sometimes the tumor shows little or no differentiation and must be called poorly differentiated or undifferentiated carcinoma.