Cardiomyopathy (Hindi) : Etiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Treatment | Internal Medicine

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Cardiomyopathy (Hindi) : Etiology, Clinical Features, Diagnosis, Treatment | Internal Medicine

Cardiomyopathy is a group of diseases that affect the heart muscle, leading to impaired cardiac function. Etiology includes genetic mutations, chronic high blood pressure, heart valve diseases, metabolic disorders, infections (viral myocarditis), chronic alcohol abuse, and exposure to certain toxins and drugs. The main types are dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM).

Clinical features of cardiomyopathy vary based on the type but generally include symptoms of heart failure such as shortness of breath, fatigue, and swelling in the legs, ankles, and feet. In DCM, patients often present with symptoms of congestive heart failure. HCM typically manifests as exertional dyspnea, chest pain, palpitations, and in severe cases, sudden cardiac death. RCM presents with symptoms of heart failure and arrhythmias.

Diagnosis of cardiomyopathy involves a combination of medical history,
physical examination, and diagnostic tests:

Echocardiogram: Key tool to assess heart size, structure, and function.
Electrocardiogram (ECG): Detects electrical activity and abnormalities.
Cardiac MRI: Provides detailed images of heart muscle and structure.
Chest X-ray: Identifies heart enlargement and fluid in the lungs.
Blood tests: Check for markers of heart failure and underlying conditions.
Genetic testing: Useful for identifying inherited forms of cardiomyopathy.
Endomyocardial biopsy: Occasionally performed to examine heart tissue.

Treatment focuses on managing symptoms, preventing complications, and slowing disease progression. This may include medications such as beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, diuretics, and antiarrhythmic drugs. Lifestyle modifications like dietary changes, regular exercise, and avoiding alcohol are crucial. In severe cases, surgical options such as implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs), pacemakers, or heart transplantation may be necessary.

Complications of cardiomyopathy can be severe and include heart failure, arrhythmias, thromboembolism (increased risk of blood clots), and sudden cardiac death. Early diagnosis and comprehensive management are essential for improving outcomes and quality of life. ❤️🩺💊

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