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Tiger Security Under Question: Madhya Pradesh Sees Highest Tiger Deaths in 2025

The year 2025 has raised serious concerns over tiger security in India, with Madhya Pradesh (MP) reporting the highest number of tiger deaths in the country. This alarming trend has triggered debates among conservationists, policymakers, and wildlife experts about the sustainability of India’s tiger conservation model, especially outside protected reserves.

According to official data, 55 tiger deaths were recorded in Madhya Pradesh in 2025, making it the highest annual toll since the launch of Project Tiger in 1973.

These deaths alone account for nearly 30% of India’s total tiger fatalities, placing MP at the center of the national tiger mortality crisis.
Out of these 55 deaths, 44 were attributed to natural causes, including old age, territorial conflicts, and disease.

However, 11 deaths occurred due to unnatural causes, such as electrocution, poaching, trapping, and accidents. While natural deaths reflect ecological pressures linked to rising tiger populations, unnatural deaths point toward human–wildlife conflict and enforcement gaps.

India’s Tiger Mortality: National Scenario (2025)
At the national level, India recorded 162 tiger deaths in 2025, marking a nearly 30% increase compared to the previous year. The states reporting the highest number of deaths were Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Uttarakhand. Analysis shows that around 70% of tiger deaths were due to natural causes, while 30% resulted from unnatural factors.

Notably, 42% of all tiger deaths occurred outside designated Tiger Reserves, highlighting growing risks in buffer zones and human-dominated landscapes.

Why Are Tigers Dying?
Natural causes include territorial fights among tigers, which intensify in high-density areas, age-related mortality, and disease outbreaks. As tiger numbers increase in core habitats, competition for territory often forces weaker or older tigers into risky zones.

Unnatural causes remain a major concern. Electrocution from illegal electric fencing used by farmers to protect crops, poaching and trapping networks, and railway and road accidents in buffer and non-reserve areas continue to threaten tiger survival. Many of these cases are still under investigation, underscoring the complexity of wildlife crime detection.

Tiger Conservation Framework in India
India’s tiger protection framework is anchored by Project Tiger, launched in 1973, which aims to ensure the long-term survival of the Bengal tiger. The program operates under the supervision of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change, the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), and State Forest Departments.

A critical NTCA guideline states that every tiger death is presumed to be due to poaching until forensic evidence proves otherwise, ensuring strict scrutiny and accountability.
Why Madhya Pradesh Is Critical
Known as the “Tiger State of India”, Madhya Pradesh hosts some of the country’s most important tiger reserves, including Bandhavgarh, Kanha, Pench, and Satpura. These reserves support high tiger densities, which, while a conservation success, also lead to increased territorial conflicts, spillover of tigers into human settlements, and greater risk of fatal encounters.

The situation in MP highlights a key conservation paradox: rising tiger populations without adequate landscape-level protection can lead to higher mortality. Strengthening corridor protection, reducing human–tiger conflict, regulating infrastructure projects, and improving surveillance outside reserves are now essential to secure India’s tiger future.



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