1. OPEN AND CLOSED CIRCUIT | HOW TO MAKE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT AT HOME | BULB EXPERIMENT | RABIA BABER

1. OPEN AND CLOSED CIRCUIT | BULB EXPERIMENT AT HOME | ELECTRONICS EXPERIMENT | SECRETS OF PHYSICS | RABIA BABER

Materials (both experiments)
1. 1 dry cell (1.5 V)
2. 1 small bulb (rated for the cell) with holder
3. 2 switches (one “faulty/always-closed” or a bypass wire, and one normal SPST switch)
4. Connecting wires with crocodile clips / banana leads
5. Ammeter (optional) and/or voltmeter (optional)
6. Insulating tape, ruler, notebook, pencil
7. A small breadboard or wooden board for mounting (optional)
8. Safety goggles

⚡ Basic Working Principle (common to both)
• Electric current flows only in a closed circuit.
• When all components (cell, wires, bulb, switch) form a complete conducting path from one terminal of the cell to the other, electrons flow from the negative terminal → through the bulb filament → back to the positive terminal.
• The flow of current causes the bulb filament to heat up and glow, converting electrical energy into light and heat.
• When the circuit is open (broken), current cannot flow, and the bulb goes off.
This is the main working principle used in both setups.


Experiment A — Switch that allows current regardless of ON/OFF (always-closed / bypass)
(Goal: demonstrate a switch that does not break the circuit — current flows whether its lever shows ON or OFF.)
1. Lay out all components on your board. Put the bulb in its holder and the cell in its holder so polarity is visible. Make sure the cell voltage matches the bulb rating.
2. Identify the “always-closed” switch or prepare a bypass: if you have a switch that is permanently closed, use it; otherwise, connect a short insulated jumper wire across the switch terminals to simulate a permanent connection.
3. Connect one terminal of the cell to one terminal of the bulb using a connecting wire.
4. Connect the other terminal of the bulb to one terminal of the always-closed switch (or to the jumper across the switch).
5. Connect the remaining terminal of the switch back to the other terminal of the cell, completing the series circuit.
6. Before closing anything, visually inspect all connections for secure clips and no exposed shorts. Put on safety goggles.
7. Observe the bulb: since the switch is effectively closed at all times, the bulb should glow immediately. Record brightness qualitatively (bright / dim / off).
8. Toggle the physical lever of the switch (if it has one) between ON and OFF positions. If the switch is faulty (always-closed) or bypassed, the bulb will continue to glow regardless of lever position. Record observations.
9. (Optional) Insert an ammeter in series and record the current. Note that current should stay essentially the same when you move the switch lever because the circuit remains closed.
10. Write a short conclusion: explain that the switch did not interrupt the circuit (show possible reasons: faulty contacts, internal short, or deliberate bypass) and list safety reminders (disconnect cell after experiment).

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