PROGRAMMED CELL DEATH (PCD)

Abstract
Programmed Cell Death (PCD) is a tightly regulated biological process essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis, development, and responses to stress. PCD can be classified into multiple types, including apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and autophagy-dependent cell death, each governed by distinct molecular pathways. Among them, apoptosis is a well-characterized form of PCD, further categorized into intrinsic (mitochondrial), extrinsic (death receptor), perforin/granzyme-mediated, ER stress-induced, and anoikis pathways. The intrinsic pathway is triggered by cellular stress, leading to mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization and activation of caspases, while the extrinsic pathway involves ligand-receptor interactions that recruit adapter proteins to activate caspases. Immune-mediated apoptosis relies on cytotoxic granules containing perforin and granzymes, whereas ER stress-induced apoptosis is regulated by UPR pathways, including PERK, IRE1, and ATF6. Anoikis occurs upon loss of cell attachment to the extracellular matrix, disrupting integrin signaling and leading to apoptosis. Understanding these mechanisms is crucial for developing targeted therapies against diseases such as cancer, where dysregulation of apoptosis plays a critical role in tumor survival and resistance to treatment.
For detailed notes about the video, please refer to the following site.
https://sites.google.com/view/biotani...