How Geography Divided Italy For 1,302 Years

From not long after the fall of the Western Roman Empire to only 150 years ago, Italy was not the unified country we see today, but a fragmented mess of kingdoms and city-states. My question is, what divided it for so long, and how does this history affect the country today?

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📖 SOURCES:
[1] https://www.worldhistory.org/Lombards
[2] Killinger, Charles L. The History of Italy. Greenwood Press, 2002.
[3] https://www.cambridge.org/core/journa...
[4] https://www.britannica.com/place/Ital...
[5] Duggan, Christopher. A Concise History of Italy. Cambridge University Press, 2014.
[6] https://www.delallo.com/blog/puglia-a...
[7] https://www.europassitalian.com/learn...
[8] http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/604...
[9] https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/...

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