Indian Council Act 1909 UPSC | Indian Polity in Telugu with English Notes for UPSC, APPSC, TSPSC

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Indian Councils Act 1909 | Morley-Minto Reforms | Indian Polity in Telugu for UPSC, APPSC, TSPSC
📌 Welcome to Neupolity! In this video, we discuss the Indian Councils Act 1909, also known as the Morley-Minto Reforms, in a storytelling style to make it easy to understand. This Act played a crucial role in India’s constitutional development and is an important topic for UPSC, APPSC, TSPSC, Group 1, Group 2, and other government exams.

🔹 What You Will Learn in This Video?
✅ Background of Indian Councils Act 1909
✅ Features of Morley-Minto Reforms
✅ Significance of Indian Councils Act 1909
✅ Drawbacks of Indian Councils Act 1909

🔴 Watch Till the End to Get a Complete Understanding of This Topic!

📖 Indian Councils Act 1909 - Summary
The Indian Councils Act 1909, or Morley-Minto Reforms, was a significant constitutional reform introduced by the British Government. It expanded legislative councils and introduced separate electorates for Muslims, which had long-term consequences for India's political future.

🔹 Background of the Act
Before 1909, Indians had very limited representation in governance. The Partition of Bengal (1905) and rising nationalist movements forced the British to introduce reforms. Lord Morley (Secretary of State for India) and Lord Minto (Viceroy of India) formulated the Indian Councils Act 1909 to appease Indian leaders while maintaining British control.

🔹 Key Features of the Indian Councils Act 1909
1️⃣ Expansion of Legislative Councils

The Imperial Legislative Council increased to 60 members (from 16).
Provincial Councils were also expanded.
2️⃣ Introduction of Separate Electorates

Muslims were given separate electorates, allowing them to vote only for Muslim candidates.
This was the first step towards communal representation, leading to long-term divisions in Indian politics.
3️⃣ Increased Indian Representation

More Indians were nominated to legislative councils.
Leaders like Gopal Krishna Gokhale became members of the Central Legislative Council.
4️⃣ Limited Powers to Elected Members

Indians could now discuss the budget but could not vote on it.
Members were allowed to ask questions, but the Viceroy had the final decision.
5️⃣ Strengthening of Communal Politics

This Act favored the Muslim League (formed in 1906), which demanded separate political identity for Muslims.
It laid the foundation for Hindu-Muslim divisions, which later led to partition in 1947.

🔹 Criticism of the Morley-Minto Reforms
🔸 Indian National Congress and extremists criticized the Act:
Moderates felt it did not give real power to Indians.
Extremists saw it as a divide-and-rule strategy by the British.
Separate electorates encouraged communalism, weakening Indian unity.

🔹 Impact of the Indian Councils Act 1909
📌 Though limited, the Act played a crucial role in Indian politics:
✅ It was the first step towards elections in India.
✅ It politically awakened Indians.
✅ It strengthened the demand for self-rule.
✅ It deepened communal divisions, leading to long-term consequences.

🔹 UPSC Previous Year Questions on Indian Councils Act 1909
1️⃣ UPSC Prelims Question:
Which Act introduced separate electorates for Muslims?
🔘 (A) Indian Councils Act 1861
🔘 (B) Indian Councils Act 1892
🔘 (C) Indian Councils Act 1909 ✅
🔘 (D) Government of India Act 1919

2️⃣ UPSC Mains Question:
"Critically analyze the impact of the Indian Councils Act 1909 on Indian politics."

📌 Why is the Indian Councils Act 1909 Important for UPSC?
🔹 Polity is a key subject for UPSC, APPSC, and TSPSC exams.
🔹 The Morley-Minto Reforms are frequently asked in Prelims, Mains, and Interviews.
🔹 It connects to later Acts like the Government of India Act 1919, 1935, and Indian Independence Act 1947.

📌 If you're preparing for UPSC, APPSC, TSPSC, or any government exam, mastering this topic is crucial!

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