Echinoderms: Changing the Rules of Animal Bodies

Echinoderms (sea stars, brittle stars, feather stars, urchins, and sea cucumbers) start their lives just like any other bilatarian, then one day, BOOM! Five-point radial body symmetry. Weird right?

Sources:
Campbell, Neil A. Biology. Pearson, 2017.

Danielle Hall    Reviewed by Christopher Mah. “Echinoderms.” Smithsonian Ocean, 13 July 2023, ocean.si.edu/ocean-life/invertebrates/echinoderms.

Giribet, Gonzalo, and Gregory D. Edgecombe. The Invertebrate Tree of Life. Princeton University Press, 2020.

Hickman, Cleveland P., et al. Integrated Principles of Zoology. McGraw Hill, 2024.

Prothero, Donald R. Vertebrate Evolution: From Origins to Dinosaurs and Beyond. CRC Press, 2022.

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Media Attributions (in order of appearance):

Animal Diversity by MathKnight
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...

Schlangensterne (Ophiuroidea), Stachelhauter (Echinodermata) 2H1A5207 by Kora27
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...

Feather Star Walking by Daniel Kwok
https://www.flickr.com/photos/danield...

Blackspotted sea cucumber Bohadschia graffei VP by https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...

EarlyEchinoderms NT by Nobu Tamura
http://spinops.blogspot.com/2018/03/e...

Echinopluteus larva by Bruno C. Vellutini
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...

Paracentrotus lividus profil by Frédréric Ducarme
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...

Benthopectinidae (10.5852-ejt.2021.755.1405) Figure 4 by Gale & Jagt (2021)
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...

Sea urchin (Arbacia lixula) endoskeleton by Albarubescens
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...

Esmark’s Brittle Star (Ophioplocus esmarki) by Diversity Initiative for the Southern California Ocean
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...

Point Walpole Sea Star by Mack Lundy
https://www.flickr.com/photos/mack46/...

Clypeaster reticulatus by Frédéric Ducarme
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...

Branchiostoma lanceolate by Hans Hillewaert
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...

Joesilmud2 by Tiit Hunt
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fi...
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