The Bible in Old, Middle, and Early Modern English (Matthew

Matthew 17:13–17 read aloud by Joshua Tyra in Old English (ca. 1000–1100), Middle English (1389), and Early Modern English (1611).

Special thanks to Christopher Cotton for the inspiration to produce this clip.

The Old and Middle English texts are from the edition of Joseph Bosworth (https://archive.org/details/gothicand....

The Old English text comes from the Wessex or West Saxon Gospels, a late 10th- or early 11th-century translation represented in several manuscripts, most importantly the 11th-century manuscript known as the Bath Old English Gospels (CCCC MS 140).

The Middle English text is from the translation of John Wycliffe. An earlier version appeared in 1382; this text follows the later version of about 1389. On the pronunciation of Middle English, I especially consulted "A Historical Phonology of English" by Donka Minkova, 2014 (https://edinburghuniversitypress.com/....

The Early Modern English text is from the King James Version of the Bible, begun in 1604 and published in 1611. For the Early Modern pronunciation, I relied completely on the reconstructions of David Crystal (http://originalpronunciation.com/GBR/....

Original music by Joshua Tyra, © 2021.

Orchestral samples used in this recording are from Garritan Instruments for Finale 26.

Text displayed in Junicode, “the font for medievalists,” developed by Peter S. Baker, University of Virginia (http://junicode.sourceforge.net/).

Video produced by Joshua Tyra, © 2021.