Geologist Explains Kilauea Eruption: Mantle Plume Hot Spot Volcanism, Hawaii, USA
Автор: Dr AstroGeoTech
Загружено: 2025-05-03
Просмотров: 151
In geology, hotspots (or hot spots) are volcanic locales thought to be fed by underlying mantle that is anomalously hot compared with the surrounding mantle. Examples include the Hawaii, Iceland, and Yellowstone hotspots. A hotspot's position on the Earth's surface is independent of tectonic plate boundaries, and so hotspots may create a chain of volcanoes as the plates move above them.
The joint mantle plume/hotspot hypothesis originally envisaged the feeder structures to be fixed relative to one another, with the continents and seafloor drifting overhead. The hypothesis thus predicts that time-progressive chains of volcanoes are developed on the surface. Examples are Yellowstone, which lies at the end of a chain of extinct calderas, which become progressively older to the west. Another example is the Hawaiian archipelago, where islands become progressively older and more deeply eroded to the northwest.
Geologists have tried to use hotspot volcanic chains to track the movement of the Earth's tectonic plates. This effort has been vexed by the lack of very long chains, by the fact that many are not time-progressive (e.g. the Galápagos) and by the fact that hotspots do not appear to be fixed relative to one another (e.g. Hawaii and Iceland). That mantle plumes are much more complex than originally hypothesised and move independently of each other and plates is now used to explain such observations.
In 2020, Wei et al. used seismic tomography to detect the oceanic plateau, formed about 100 million years ago by the hypothesized mantle plume head of the Hawaii-Emperor seamount chain, now subducted to a depth of 800 km under eastern Siberia.
A new Kīlauea eruption began within Kaluapele (the summit caldera) at 2:20 a.m HST on December 23, 2024. Activity is confined to the caldera, with lava flows covering an estimated 400 acres. Increased volcanic gas emissions are the primary hazard of concern, with trade winds carrying the emissions to the southwest into the closed area of Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park.
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