How are Microchips Made?

Microchips are made by building intricate, layered circuits on ultra-pure silicon wafers using repeated steps of photolithography, etching, deposition, and doping within extremely clean "fab" facilities, essentially printing patterns with light and chemicals to create billions of microscopic transistors and wires, a process that takes months. Starting from sand, silicon is purified, grown into large crystals, sliced into wafers, and then layered with materials like silicon dioxide, photoresist, and metals, with each layer patterned and etched to form transistors and interconnections. The wafer, containing hundreds of identical chips, is then cut, tested, and packaged.

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