Imi Lichtenfeld Interview (April 12, 1981)

Unidentified man explains how to choke an attacker. Reporter explains that Imi Lichtenfeld grew up defending himself in Czechoslovakia from Nazi youth. Lichtenfeld explains proper self-defense techniques. Reporter states that Lichtenfeld developed a self-defense technique called Krav Maga that he teaches to Israeli soldiers. Lichtenfeld explains that Krav Maga should only be used when absolutely necessary. Reporter states that Lichtenfeld taught her some basic defensive moves. Shot of Lichtenfeld teaching the reporter how to defend herself. Reporter explains that Krav Maga can also be used to teach children self-discipline and help build their confidence. Reporter states that experts wear black belts, but there are no formal competitions due to fears of deadly injuries.

Imre "Imi" Lichtenfeld (Hebrew: אימריך “אימי” ליכטנפלד; 26 May 1910 – 9 January 1998), also known as Imi Sde-Or (אימי שדאור),[1] was a Hungarian-born Israeli martial artist. He is widely recognized for developing Krav Maga, an Israeli martial art.[2][3]

Early life
Lichtenfeld was born on 26 May 1910 to a Hungarian-Jewish family in Budapest[4] in the Austro-Hungarian Empire. He grew up in Pressburg (Pozsony, today's Bratislava). His family moved to Bratislava, where his father, Samuel Lichtenfeld, was a chief inspector on the Bratislava police force and a former circus acrobat.[5] Lichtenfeld trained at the Hercules Gymnasium, which was owned by his father, who taught self-defense.

Lichtenfeld was a successful swimmer,[6] boxer, wrestler, and gymnast since his youth.[1] He competed at national and international levels and was a champion and member of the Slovak National Wrestling Team.[7] In 1928, he won the Slovak Youth Wrestling Championship, and in 1929, the adult championship in the light and middleweight divisions.[8] That year, he also won the national boxing championship and an international gymnastics championship.[6]

Development of Krav Maga
In the late 1930s, anti-Semitic riots threatened the Jewish population of Bratislava in Europe. Together with other Jewish boxers and wrestlers, Lichtenfeld helped to defend his Jewish neighborhood against fascist gangs. He quickly decided that sport has little in common with real combat and began developing a system of techniques for practical self-defense in life-threatening situations.[9][10]

In 1935, Lichtenfeld visited Mandatory Palestine with a team of Jewish wrestlers to participate in the Maccabiah Games but could not participate because of a broken rib that resulted from his training while en route. This led to the fundamental Krav Maga precept, 'do not get hurt while training.' Lichtenfeld returned to Czechoslovakia to face increasing anti-Semitic violence. Lichtenfeld organized a group of young Jews to protect his community. On the streets, he acquired hard-won experience and a crucial understanding of the differences between sport fighting and street fighting. He developed his fundamental self-defense principle: 'use natural movements and reactions' for defense, combined with an immediate and decisive counterattack. From this evolved the refined theory of 'simultaneous defense and attack' while 'never occupying two hands in the same defensive movement.'[11][12][13]

In 1940, Lichtenfeld fled the rise of Nazism in Slovakia, heading for Palestine on the Aliyah Bet vessel, Pencho, which shipwrecked on the Dodecanese Islands in the Aegean Sea. He reached Palestine in 1942 after serving with distinction in the British supervised Czechoslovak 11th Infantry Battalion in North Africa.[14] In 1944, Lichtenfeld began training Haganah fighters in his areas of expertise: physical fitness, swimming, wrestling, use of the knife, and defenses against knife attacks.[15] During this period, he trained several elite units of the Haganah and Palmach (striking force of the Haganah and forerunner of the special units of the IDF), including the Pal-yam, as well as groups of police officers.

Later life
After he finished his active duty, Lichtenfeld modified Krav Maga to fit the needs of police forces and ordinary civilians.[16] The method was formulated to suit everyone – man and woman, boy or girl, who might need it to survive an attack while sustaining minimal harm. To disseminate his method, Lichtenfeld established two training centers, one in Tel Aviv and the other in Netanya. He trained teams of Krav Maga instructors, who were accredited by him and the Israeli Ministry of Education.[1] He also created the Israeli Krav Maga Association (IKMA) on 22 October 1978 and the International Krav Maga Federation in 1995.[5] On 9 January 1998, Lichtenfeld died in Netanya, Israel, at the age of 87.[17] He is buried at Netanya Shikun Vatikim Cemetery on Section פ.[18]


See also
Yehoshua Sofer, the martial artist who conceived the Abir martial art (2002)