(16) Hormonal Regulation of Blood Glucose Level | Role of Insulin, Glucagon, & Other Hormones

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Diabetes Mellitus | Regulation of Blood Glucose Level By Insulin and Glucagon | Insulin | Glucagon    • Diabetes Mellitus | Regulation of Blood Gl...  

Hormones play important role in regulation of blood glucose level

Insulin
Tissue of Origin: Pancreatic β Cells
1. Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas.
2. It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats by promoting the absorption of glucose from the blood to skeletal muscles and fat tissue and by causing fat to be stored rather than used for energy.
Metabolic Effect
1. Enhances entry of glucose into cells;
2. Enhances storage of glucose as glycogen, or conversion to fatty acids;
3. Enhances synthesis of fatty acids and proteins;
4. Suppresses breakdown of proteins into amino acids, of adipose tissue into free fatty acids.
Effect on Blood Glucose- Lowers

Glucagon
1. It is a peptide hormone, produced by alpha cells of the pancreas that raises the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream.
2. Its effect is opposite that of insulin, which lowers the glucose concentration.
3. The pancreas releases glucagon when the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream falls too low. Glucagon causes the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose, which is released into the bloodstream.
Tissue of Origin: Pancreatic α Cells
Metabolic Effect
1. Enhances release of glucose from glycogen;
2. Enhances synthesis of glucose from amino acids or fatty acids.
Effect on Blood Glucose- Raises

Epinephrine
Tissue of Origin: Adrenal medulla
Metabolic Effect
1. Enhances release of glucose from glycogen;
2. Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue.
Effect on Blood Glucose- Raises

Cortisol
Tissue of Origin: Adrenal cortex
Metabolic Effect
1. Enhances gluconeogenesis;
2. Antagonizes Insulin.
Effect on Blood Glucose- Raises

ACTH
Tissue of Origin:Anterior pituitary
Metabolic Effect
1. Enhances release of cortisol;
2. Enhances release of fatty acids from adipose tissue.
Effect on Blood Glucose- Raises

Growth Hormone
Tissue of Origin: Anterior pituitary
Metabolic Effect: Antagonizes Insulin
Effect on Blood Glucose- Raises

Hyperglycemic hormones such as glucagon, adrenalin, cortisol, and the growth hormone act on the muscles and liver to promote glycogen decomposition and also inhibit glucose infiltration into the heart and muscles, which are organs that consume glucose.

Thyroxine
Tissue of Origin: Thyroid
Metabolic Effect
1. Enhances release of glucose from glycogen;
2. Enhances absorption of sugars from intestine
Effect on Blood Glucose- Raises

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