Watch a Tsunami be Generated by a Volcanic Eruption

On October 12th of 2022, a small tsunami was generated by a volcanic eruption of Mount Stromboli in Italy. This video displays the entire sequence of events which created the tsunami via a pyroclastic flow entering the Mediterranean Sea. Although this tsunami was relatively small, other recent ones at Stromboli in the last 1,000 years were incredibly destructive. However, the recent tsunami provides an excellent case study for determining how volcanic tsunamis form.

I want to give a special thanks to INGVvulcani / INGV, Progetto UNO (@uno_progetto on Twitter), and Tullio Ricci for allowing me to use footage of the pyroclastic flow. It was posted on the INGVvulcani channel (   / ingvvulcani  ) at    • Stromboli, 12 ottobre 2022: colata di lava...   under a CC BY 3.0 license.

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Graphics, tables, and images which contain eruption dates, lengths, and/or VEIs are sourced from (and sometimes courtesy of) the Global Volcanism Program, Smithsonian Institution (although sometimes with minor changes made by GeologyHub). https://volcano.si.edu/
Citation: Global Volcanism Program, 2013. Volcanoes of the World, v. 4.11.2 (02 Sep 2022). Venzke, E (ed.). Smithsonian Institution. Downloaded 20 Oct 2022. https://doi.org/10.5479/si.GVP.VOTW4-....

Source of Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI) methodology and criteria: Newhall, C. G., and Self, S. (1982), The volcanic explosivity index (VEI) an estimate of explosive magnitude for historical volcanism, J. Geophys. Res., 87( C2), 1231– 1238, doi:10.1029/JC087iC02p01231. Accessed / Read on Oct 5 2022.

Google Earth imagery used in this video: ©Google & Data Providers

Creative Commons Licenses used for specific content (such as a single image within the video which as a whole does not entirely fall under the same license) or sections of specific content (such as a photo within a table) in this video (not the entire table for this example):
CC0 1.0: https://creativecommons.org/publicdom...
CC BY 2.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/...
CC BY 3.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/...
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Sources:
[1] U.S. Geological Survey, (USGS) Pacific Coastal and Marine Science Center, "In depth: Surprising tsunamis caused by explosive eruption in Tonga", https://www.usgs.gov/centers/pcmsc/ne...
[2] U.S. Geological Survey, "Pyroclastic flows move fast and destroy everything in their path", https://www.usgs.gov/programs/VHP/pyr...
[3] Mutaqin, Bachtiar & Lavigne, Franck & Hadmoko, Danang Sri & Malawani, Mukhamad. (2019). Volcanic Eruption-Induced Tsunami in Indonesia: A Review. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 256. 012023. 10.1088/1755-1315/256/1/012023. CC BY 3.0.
[4] Sun W, Tian F, Wang K, Xie G. The formation of explosive volcanos at the circum-Pacific convergent margin. doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1407913/v1. PPR:PPR470137., CC BY 4.0.
[5] Rosi M, Levi ST, Pistolesi M, Bertagnini A, Brunelli D, Cannavò V, Di Renzoni A, Ferranti F, Renzulli A, Yoon D. Geoarchaeological Evidence of Middle-Age Tsunamis at Stromboli and Consequences for the Tsunami Hazard in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea. Sci Rep. 2019 Jan 24;9(1):677. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-37050-3. PMID: 30679656; PMCID: PMC6346119. CC BY 4.0.
[6] Fornaciai, A., Favalli, M. & Nannipieri, L. Numerical simulation of the tsunamis generated by the Sciara del Fuoco landslides (Stromboli Island, Italy). Sci Rep 9, 18542 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-54..., CC BY 4.0.
[7] Omira, R., Ramalho, R.S., Kim, J. et al. Global Tonga tsunami explained by a fast-moving atmospheric source. Nature 609, 734–740 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-022-04..., CC BY 4.0
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[9] Mohammad Heidarzadeh, Aditya Riadi Gusman, Takeo Ishibe, Ramtin Sabeti, Jadranka Šepić, Estimating the eruption-induced water displacement source of the 15 January 2022 Tonga volcanic tsunami from tsunami spectra and numerical modelling, Ocean Engineering, Volume 261, 2022, 112165, ISSN 0029-8018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oceaneng.20.... (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science.... CC BY 4.0.