protocol vs abstract class in python

In Python, both protocols and abstract classes are used to define interfaces and enforce certain behaviors in subclasses. However, they differ in their implementation and usage.

A protocol is a set of methods and attributes that an object must have in order to be considered compatible with a particular interface. A protocol can be any object that defines a set of methods or attributes, including functions, classes, and objects. Protocols are enforced through a concept called "duck typing," which means that if an object quacks like a duck (i.e., it has the required methods and attributes), then it is a duck.

An abstract class, on the other hand, is a class that cannot be instantiated on its own and is designed to be subclassed. An abstract class defines a set of abstract methods, which are methods that must be implemented by any subclass that inherits from the abstract class. Abstract classes are enforced through inheritance and provide a way to enforce a particular behavior or structure in all subclasses.

In summary, protocols define a set of required methods and attributes for an object to be considered compatible with a particular interface, while abstract classes define a set of abstract methods that must be implemented by any subclass that inherits from the abstract class. Protocols are enforced through duck typing, while abstract classes are enforced through inheritance.