Tongue Gross Anatomy (Animation) : Dr G Bhanu Prakash

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Tongue Gross Anatomy (Animation) -
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The tongue is a highly specialized muscular organ situated in the oral cavity, playing a vital role in various functions, including taste, mastication, and articulation. Anatomically, the tongue can be divided into two main parts: the body and the root. The body is the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, which is covered by a mucous membrane that contains numerous papillae, each housing taste buds that contribute to the sense of taste. The root, or posterior one-third, is anchored to the floor of the mouth and connects to the oropharynx.
The tongue's surface exhibits several types of papillae, including fungiform, circumvallate, and filiform papillae, each serving distinct functions in taste perception and texture sensation. The frenulum is a thin fold of tissue located in the midline, anchoring the tongue to the floor of the mouth, and the lingual tonsils are located at the base of the tongue, part of the immune system.
Musculature of the Tongue -
The intrinsic muscles of the tongue, including the longitudinal, transverse, and vertical muscles, allow for precise movements necessary for speech and swallowing. These muscles enable the tongue to change shape and position. In addition, the extrinsic muscles, such as the styloglossus, hyoglossus, genioglossus, and palatoglossus, connect the tongue to surrounding structures, allowing for broader movements and positioning within the oral cavity and pharynx.
Nerve and Blood Supply -
The tongue's motor function is primarily innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), while sensory innervation varies across its surface. The anterior two-thirds receive sensory input from the lingual nerve (a branch of the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve, CN V3) for general sensation and the chorda tympani (a branch of the facial nerve, CN VII) for taste. The posterior one-third is primarily innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX), which provides taste and general sensation.
The blood supply to the tongue is mainly from the lingual artery, a branch of the external carotid artery, ensuring an adequate supply of oxygen and nutrients to support its various functions.

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