Chapter- 6 | Lipids - Chemistry Of Lipids (Part- 1) - Hindi

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*Chemistry of Lipids*

*Introduction to Lipids*
Lipids are diverse organic molecules that are insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents like chloroform, benzene, and ether.
They play crucial roles in cellular structure, energy storage, insulation, and signaling.

*Classification of Lipids*
*Simple Lipids*
Esters of fatty acids with various alcohols.
Examples include triglycerides, waxes, and sterol esters.
*Compound Lipids*
Esters of fatty acids containing groups in addition to alcohol and fatty acids.
Examples include phospholipids and glycolipids.
*Derived Lipids*
Result from hydrolysis of simple and compound lipids.
Examples include fatty acids, alcohols, and sterols.

*Fatty Acids*
*Structure*
Long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group (–COOH) at one end.
Can be saturated (no double bonds) or unsaturated (one or more double bonds).
*Role*
Serve as building blocks for complex lipids.
Provide energy through β-oxidation.
*Saturated Fatty Acids*
Solid at room temperature.
Found in animal fats.
*Unsaturated Fatty Acids*
Liquid at room temperature.
Found in vegetable oils.
*Essential Fatty Acids*
Must be obtained from the diet as the body cannot synthesize them.
Examples include omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids.
Important for membrane structure and function, and hormone synthesis.

*Triglycerides*
*Structure*
Glycerol molecule esterified with three fatty acids.
Major storage form of fat in adipose tissue.
*Function*
Energy storage (one gram yields approximately 9 kcal of energy).
Thermal insulation.
Protection of vital organs.

*Phospholipids*
*Structure*
Glycerol molecule esterified with two fatty acids and a phosphate group.
Amphipathic molecules with hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.
*Role*
Major components of cell membranes.
Facilitate the formation of lipid bilayers.
Serve as emulsifying agents in digestion.
*Examples*
Phosphatidylcholine (lecithin).
Phosphatidylethanolamine.
Phosphatidylserine.

*Sterols*
*Structure*
Four-ring hydrocarbon structure.
Examples include cholesterol, steroid hormones, and bile acids.
*Functions*
Component of cell membranes, contributing to their fluidity and stability.
Precursors for the synthesis of steroid hormones (e.g., cortisol, testosterone, estrogen).
Synthesis of bile acids, essential for fat digestion and absorption.

*Waxes*
*Structure*
Long-chain fatty acids esterified to long-chain alcohols.
*Functions*
Protective coatings on plant leaves and animal fur.
Waterproofing in birds' feathers and mammalian skin.

*Lipid Digestion and Absorption*
*Digestion*
Begins in the mouth with lingual lipase and continues in the stomach.
Mainly occurs in the small intestine with pancreatic lipase breaking down triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol.
*Absorption*
Fatty acids and monoglycerides are absorbed into enterocytes.
Re-esterified into triglycerides and packaged into chylomicrons for transport via lymphatic system and bloodstream.



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