Bone fracture and repair of fracture bone class 12| types of bone fracture | MDCAT Biology

Aslam o Alekum dear viewers welcome to my channel ‪@Ziatutorials‬. In this lecture you will learn the concept of Bone fracture, its types and repair of fracture bone of class 12 Biology.
here is the descriptions
A bone fracture, also known as a broken bone, occurs when a bone is cracked or broken due to trauma, injury, or disease. There are several types of bone fractures, classified based on the severity and pattern of the break. Here are some common types of bone fractures:

1. *Closed fracture*: The skin remains intact, and the bone is broken but not exposed to the outside environment.

2. *Open fracture*: The bone breaks through the skin, exposing the bone to the outside environment, increasing the risk of infection.

3. *Comminuted fracture*: The bone breaks into multiple pieces, often requiring surgical intervention.

4. *Non-displaced fracture*: The bone breaks but remains in its normal position.

5. *Displaced fracture*: The bone breaks and moves out of its normal position.

6. *Hairline fracture*: A small crack in the bone, often difficult to detect.
The repair of a bone fracture involves a complex process that involves multiple stages and various cellular and molecular mechanisms. Here are the details:

Stage 1: Inflammation (0-4 days)

Blood clot formation at the fracture site
Inflammation and swelling
White blood cells (neutrophils and macrophages) clean up debris

Stage 2: Soft Callus Formation (4-14 days)

Cartilage cells (chondrocytes) and bone cells (osteoblasts) proliferate
Soft callus (cartilage) forms at the fracture site
Blood vessels grow into the callus

Stage 3: Hard Callus Formation (14-28 days)

Osteoblasts produce bone matrix (collagen and minerals)
Hard callus (bone) forms, replacing the soft callus
Fracture site becomes more stable

Stage 4: Bony Union (28 days-6 months)

Hard callus is replaced by fully formed bone
Fracture site becomes strong and stable
Bone remodeling occurs to refine the new bone tissue

Stage 5: Remodeling (6 months-2 years)

Bone is reshaped and refined to its original strength and structure
Excess bone is removed, and the fracture site is fully restored

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