Monosaccharide Structure In Urdu Hindi | Chapter Biological Molecules | Class 11 Biology

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In This Video Lecture You Will Learn Basic Concept Of Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides are carbohydrate molecules that cannot be broken down by hydrolysis2 into simpler (smaller) carbohydrate molecules. Hence, monosaccharides are at times referred to as “simple sugars” or just :sugars," which infers that they are the simplest (smallest) of the carbohydrates. (The term saccharide is derived from saccharose, which is an old term for cane sugar. Now, it refers to any carbohydrate, especially a monosaccharide; but as subsequent chapters on oligo- and polysaccharides indicate, it can be applied to any size carbohydrate. Mono is derived from the Greek word for one. In chemistry, it often means containing only one, so the term monosaccharide means one saccharide or one sugar, indicating that it is a molecule composed of only one sugar unit and not of two or more sugar units joined together). Monosaccharides are the monomeric units of oligosaccharides (Chapter 3) and polysaccharides (Chapter 4), both of which contain more than one saccharide (sugar) unit and can be hydrolyzed to release their constituent monosaccharides. The common monosaccharides used as building blocks for oligo- and polysaccharides found in foods contain a group termed as the saccharose group.



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The saccharose group, where R is a hydrogen atom (-H) (Aldoses) or a –CH2OH group (Ketoses).

Discussion of specific carbohydrate structures begins with d-glucose, the most common, most widely distributed, and most abundant carbohydrate (if all its combined forms are considered). d-Glucose (known commercially as dextrose) is a monosaccharide. d-Glucose is both a polyalcohol (polyhydroxy compound) and an aldehyde. It and all sugars containing an aldehydic group are classified as aldoses (Table 1.1). The prefix ald- indicates that they are aldehydes; the suffix -ose usually (but not always as you will find out) signifies a nonpolymeric carbohydrate (that is, a monosaccharide). d-Glucose contains six carbon atoms, making it a hexose (Table 1.1); more specifically, it is an aldohexose. When the structure of d-glucose is written in a vertical straight-chain fashion (termed an acyclic or open-chain structure) with the aldehydic group (position 1 [C1]) at the top and the carbon atom with the primary hydroxyl group attached to it at the bottom (at position 6 [that is, on C6]), it can be seen that all secondary hydroxyl groups are on carbon atoms C2, C3, C4, and C5. To make the determination/assignment of which side of the carbon chain the hydroxyl groups are on, a convention for orientation of the carbon chain is used. In this convention, the carbon chain is oriented so that each vertical (carbon-to-carbon) bond projects into the plane of the page and each horizontal bond projects outward from the plane of the page as in Fig. 1.1 (although in solution there is rotation about the vertical bonds that allows a hydroxyl group to be in any position with respect to the one above [or below] it, so that the molecules can actually assume a large number of different conformations [shapes]). Each of the four carbon atoms that have a secondary hydroxyl group attached to it (C2, C3, C4, C5) are chiral carbon atoms because each has four different substituents attached to it. Each chiral center has a mirror image (Fig. 1.1), and mirror image chiral carbon atoms are not superimposable on each other, just as a person's two hands are mirror images and are not superimposable


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