HOW DO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE NOTES CLASS 10

#class_10_science_notes
HOW DO ORGANISMS REPRODUCE NOTES CLASS 10 by ‪@rajansir07‬


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Q.1. How do organisms reproduce?
A.1. The organisms reproduce in two ways-
Sexually where the fusion of male and female gametes takes place.
Asexually where the fusion of male and female gametes does not take place.
Q.2. What are the different modes of asexual reproduction?
A.2. The different modes of asexual reproduction include:
Fission
Budding
Fragmentation
Spore-formation
Vegetative propagation
Q.3. How does sexual reproduction occur in plants?
A.3. Plants reproduce sexually through pollination. In this process, the pollen from the anther of the flower is transferred to the stigma. The fusion of the male and female gametes takes place. A zygote is then formed which gives rise to an embryo. This leads to the formation of seed which gradually turns into a fruit.
Q.4. What is budding?

A.4. This is a type of asexual reproduction in which a new organism grows from an outgrowth by cell division. It remains attached to the mother and derives nutrition from it. Once it matures it detaches itself from the mother and grows as an individual organism. This type of reproduction is seen in Hydra.
The organisms reproduce in two ways:

Asexual Reproduction– In this process, only a single parent is involved and no gamete formation takes place.

Sexual Reproduction– In this process, two parents are involved and gamete formation takes place. Meiosis is an important step in sexual reproduction.
Asexual Reproduction is further divided into:

Fission

Budding

Vegetative propagation

Regeneration

Spore formation

Fission

This process takes place in unicellular organisms. It is of two types:
Vegetative propagation

In this, a new plant grows from the fragments of the parent plant or a specialized reproductive structure. The offspring are the exact clones of the original plant and there is no mixing of DNA. The common forms of vegetative propagations are grafting, layering, cutting, tuber, tissue culture, etc.

Regeneration

In organisms like Hydra and Planaria we had observed that if they are cut into several pieces, each part grows into a new organism. This is known as regeneration. The specialized cells proliferate and produce a large number of cells. These proliferated cells undergo changes and form different cells and tissues. The sequential process of these changes is known as development.

Spore Formation

During spore formation, the organisms form knob-like structures called a sporangium. This happens during unfavourable conditions in an inadequate supply of moisture and nutrients. When the conditions are favourable, they begin to grow.

The sporangia contain spores that develop into new individuals. The spores are covered by thick walls that protect the spores until they come in contact with moisture and begin to grow.

Sexual Reproduction

Sexual reproduction is a natural way of reproduction and takes place in all multicellular organisms. This process involves two individuals to produce offspring. In this, the male and the female gametes fuse together and give rise to a new cell.

Sexual reproduction in Plants

The angiosperms have both the male and female reproductive organs. The pollen grains produce male gametes which fuse with the egg cell of the female. The formation of gametes is known as gametogenesis. The pollen grains are transferred from the anther to the stigma of the flower. These pollens travel through the style and reach the female gametes present in the ovule. The two gametes fuse together and this process is known as fertilization. A zygote is formed which gets converted into an embryo. These give rise to a new seed which gradually turns into a fruit.

Sexual Reproduction in Humans

The testes in males and the ovaries in females are responsible for the production of sperm in males and eggs in females. The sperm fuses with the egg during fertilization, which results in the formation of a zygote and gets implanted in the wall of the uterus. It further divides and forms an embryo. The embryo starts developing week by week seeking nutrition from the mother with the help of the placenta. A new individual finally forms after a period of nine months.