Encephalitis | Introduction

This sqadia.com medical video lecture covers all aspects of encephalitis. Dr. Saima Mushtaq discusses clinical manifestations, etiology, antiviral therapy, chronic encephalitis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, and progressive rubella panencephalitis. 🧠

▬ 📃 Clinical Manifestations and Etiology ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬
Patients with encephalitis often present with meningitis. Clinical features include acute febrile illness, meningeal involvement, depressed consciousness, focal or diffuse neurologic signs, psychotic states, and focal neurologic disturbances. Other features include ataxia, cranial nerve deficits, temperature dysregulation, and diabetes insipidus. Etiologically, herpes viruses, arboviruses, alphaviruses, flaviviruses, and bunyaviruses are responsible.

▬ 📜 Antiviral Therapy ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬
Dr. Mushtaq elaborates on basic management and supportive therapy. Neonatal HSV CNS infections respond less to acyclovir than HSV encephalitis in adults. Complications include elevated blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, thrombocytopenia, and neurotoxicity. Acyclovir resistance and treatments involving IV glucocorticoids, induction therapy, cidofovir, intravenous ribavirin, and WNV encephalitis are also discussed. 💊

▬ 📃 Chronic Encephalitis ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬
Clinical features include progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, multifocal areas of demyelination, and cytologic alterations in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Diagnostic studies involve HIV-PML lesions, immunomodulatory drug-associated PML, PML lesions, pleocytosis, and brain biopsies for definitive diagnoses. Serologic studies are also described.

▬ 📜 Sclerosing and Rubella Panencephalitis ▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬▬
Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is a rare, chronic, progressive demyelinating disease of the CNS. Signs of progression include intellectual deterioration, seizures, ataxia, and visual disturbances. Diagnostic studies involve MRI, EEG, measles virus culturing, viral antigen identification, and viral genome detection. Progressive rubella panencephalitis is an extremely rare disorder primarily affecting males. No therapy is available, but prevention via live attenuated rubella vaccine is possible.

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