Origins of Two Sexes | Video Essays

This full length video essay explores the origins of the two sexes: how they formed 1.2 billion years ago and why they are nearly universal across the plant and animal kingdoms.

The information for the video comes from peer-reviewed sources in evolutionary biology on the evolution of sex, anisogamy, and the two sexes.

Read the original article here:
https://www.theparadoxinstitute.com/r...

Sources:
[1] Lehtonen, J., Parker, G. (2014). Gamete competition, gamete limitation, and the evolution of two sexes. Molecular Human Reproduction, 20(12)
[2] Bachtrog D, Mank JE, Peichel CL, Kirkpatrick M, Otto SP, Ashman TL, et al. (2014). Sex Determination--Why So Many Ways of Doing It. PLoS Biol, 12(7)
[3] Otto, S. (2008). Sexual Reproduction and the Evolution of Sex. Nature Education, 1(1), 182
[4] Otto, S. (2009). The evolutionary enigma of sex. The American Naturalist, 174(S1), 1-14
[5] Kirk, D. (2006). Oogamy--inventing the sexes. Current Biology, 16(24)
[6] Lehtonen, J., Kokko, H., Parker, GA. (2016). What do isogamous organisms teach us about sex and the two sexes. PTBS, 371(1706), 1-12
[7] Perrin, N. (2011). What uses are mating types? The ‘developmental switch’ model. Evolution, 66-4, 947-956
[8] Czaran, T., Hoekstra. R. (2004). Evolution of sexual asymmetry. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 4(34)
[9] da Silva, J. (2018). The evolution of sexes--a specific test of the disruptive selection theory. Ecology and Evolution, 8, 207-219
[10] Lehtonen, J., Parker, G. (2014). Gamete competition, gamete limitation, and the evolution of two sexes. Molecular Human Reproduction, 20(12)
[11a] Parker, GA., et al. (1972). The origin and evolution of gamete dimorphism and the male-female phenomenon. J. Theor. Biol., 36, 529-553;
[11b] Bell, G. (1978). The evolution of anisogamy. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 73, 247-270
[11c] Hoekstra, R. (1982). On the asymmetry of sex--evolution of mating types in isogamous populations. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 98, 427-451
[11d] Bulmer, MG., Parker, GA. (2002). The evolution of anisogamy--a game-theoretic approach. Proceedings Biological Sciences, 269(1507), 2381-2388
[12] da Silva, J. (2018). The evolution of sexes--a specific test of the disruptive selection theory. Ecology and Evolution, 8, 207-219
[13] Hilton, E. (2020). Why only two sexes. Twitter
[14] Lehtonen, J., Parker, G. (2014). Gamete competition, gamete limitation, and the evolution of two sexes. Molecular Human Reproduction, 20(12)
[15a] Iwasa, Y., Sasaki, A. (1987). Evolution of the number of sexes. Evolution, 41(1), 49-65
[15b] Kodric-Brown, A., Brown, J. (1987). Anisogamy, sexual selection, and the evolution and maintenance of sex. Evolutionary Ecology, 1, 95-105
[15c] Epelman, M., et al. (2005). Anisogamy, expenditure of reproductive effort, and the optimality of having two sexes. Operations Research, 53(3)
[15d] Parker, GA. (2014). The sexual cascade and the rise of pre-ejaculatory sexual selection, sex roles, and sexual conflict. CSH Persp Bio
[15e] Lehtonen, J., Parker, G. (2019). Evolution of the two sexes under internal fertilization and alternative evolutionary pathways. The American Naturalist, 193(5), 702-71
[16] Lehtonen, J., Parker, G. (2014). Gamete competition, gamete limitation, and the evolution of two sexes. Molecular Human Reproduction, 20(12)
[17] Kirk, D. (2006). Oogamy--inventing the sexes. Current Biology, 16(24)
[18] Lehtonen, J., Parker, G. (2014). Gamete competition, gamete limitation, and the evolution of two sexes. Molecular Human Reproduction, 20(12)