all about pure virtual function in c examples

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All About Pure Virtual Functions in C++: A Comprehensive Guide

Pure virtual functions are a powerful and fundamental concept in C++ that enable you to define abstract classes. Abstract classes act as blueprints for other classes and enforce a certain interface that derived classes must implement. This guide will delve deep into the world of pure virtual functions, covering everything from their definition and purpose to their practical usage and implications.

*1. What is a Pure Virtual Function?*

A pure virtual function is a virtual function declared within a base class that has no implementation in the base class itself. It is designated as such by appending `= 0` to the function declaration.

*Syntax:*



*Example:*



*Key Characteristics:*

*No Implementation:* A pure virtual function doesn't have a body defined within the base class. It's just a declaration.
*Abstract Class:* If a class contains at least one pure virtual function, that class becomes an *abstract class*.
*Cannot Instantiate:* You cannot create direct objects (instances) of an abstract class. Trying to do so will result in a compilation error.
*Must Be Overridden:* Derived classes must provide their own implementation of all pure virtual functions inherited from the base class. If a derived class doesn't override all pure virtual functions, it too becomes an abstract class.

*2. Why Use Pure Virtual Functions? The Purpose and Benefits*

Pure virtual functions are used to achieve abstraction and *polymorphism*. Here's a breakdown of their benefits:

*Defining a Common Interface:* Pure virtual functions force derived classes to adhere to a specific interface. In the `Shape` example, every class derived from `Shape` must have a `getArea()` method. This ensures consistency and predictability in how shapes are handled.
*Achieving Abstraction:* Abstract classes represent general concepts. The `Shape` class doesn't know how to calculate the area ...

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