India and Iran (Persia) CHAPTER 7
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Загружено: 2024-04-05
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Today I'm gonna talk about
7.1
India and Iran (Persia)
Indian Subcontinent and Iran
7.2
Conflict between the Iranian
(Achaemenid) Empire and Greece
7.3 Iranian (Achaemenid) Empire
and India
7.4
Political and Cultural Impact of
the Iranian Contact
7.5 Taxila
7.6
Advent of Alexander
7.1 Indian Subcontinent and Iran
Excavated evidence has sufficiently
proved that the trade and cultural relations
between the Indian subcontinent and Iran
have continued since the Harappan times.
The empire of Elam, contemporary to the
Harappan civilisation, existed in the southwest
regions of Iran. It was culturally closer to
Mesopotamia. Its capital was at ‘Susa’.
Hence, it was also known as ‘Susiana’. Many
dynasties ruled Iran at later dates but all of
them maintained their capital at ‘Susa’. The
archaeological evidence found at Susa has
confirmed the trade and cultural relations
between Iran and the Harappan civilisation.
Greeks knew the city by
the name, ‘Persepolis’. The Iranian empire
was known as ‘Persian empire’ because it
originated in the Pars region.
Emperor Cyrus II had begun to build a
new capital at ‘Pasargade’. However, it did
not get completed in his lifetime. His son,
Cambyses II succeeded him. He moved back
to Susa and re-established his capital there.
Cambyses II had conquered Egypt.
Daryush I, who succeeded Cambyses II
reinforced the fortification walls of Susa. He
also built a massive palace and a hypostyle
(many columned) hall known as ‘Apadana’.
He also built the city of ‘Persepolis’ in the
style similar to Susa.
The trade that was conducted from Asia
and the Persian Gulf to Mesopotamia and
Egypt expanded to Greece and Rome. The
ancient routes used by caravans of merchants
were provided with safety and security by
the Persian emperors. They rebuilt some of
the routes. Cyrus II and Daryush I developed
the route beginning from Susa and reaching
the Mediterranean Sea. This route is known
as the ‘Royal Road’. Some of the branches
of the Royal Road linked the Indian
subcontinent and Egypt. Alexander started
from Macedonia on his expedition to India.
He used the same route to reach India.
Greek historians have recorded the
frequent battles between the Achaemenid
empire and the city states in Greece. Among
them the records of Herodotus are important.
Cyrus II conquered Lydia, a Greek state
to the north of Mediterranean Sea, around
the mid of the 6th century B.C.E. As a result,
the Ionian Greek city states under the Lydian
rule, inevitably became part of the Achaemenid
empire. The Greeks in Ionia had migrated to
Anatolia, that is, the Asian part of the
Turkey. It is also known as ‘Asia Minor’.
During the reign of Daryush I all Ionian
city states got together and rebelled against
the Achaemenid rule. The rebellion was
subdued completely after a struggle of five
years by the Achaemenid army.
Xerexes, the successor of Daryush I,
tried once again to invade Greece. However,
he was also defeated. Thereafter the conflict
between the Achaemenids and the Greeks
continued over a prolonged time. Ultimately,
Athens and the confederacy of other Greek
city states declared a war for independence
against the Achaemenid rule in Greece.
The logbook of the journey of Scylax is
known as ‘Periplus of Scylax’. The original
periplus is lost but we get to know about its
contents from the writings of the Greek
historians. This periplus was the first source
of information of the Indian subcontinent to
the western world, especially to the Greeks.
Very soon after the completion of the
expedition by Scylax, Daryush I conquered
the region in the lower reach of the Sindhu.
Scylax had reported an already existing
canal that linked the Nile and the Red Sea.
It was dug by an Egyptian Pharoh. Daryush
I revived that canal by digging it again. It
opened a new water way for the transport
between Persia and the Indian subcontinent.
This newly available route facilitated the
trade between Achaemenid provinces in the
north-western region of the Indian subcontinent
and the regions of Sindh-Punjab.
Herodotus has described t
he Indian
soldiers in the Achaemenid army. According
to
it, Xerexes’ army had soldiers from
Gandhara, Sindh and Punjab, when he
invaded Greece in 480 B.C.E. The soldiers
from Gandhara were equipped with bows
made of cane and spears with short shafts.
They also had horses and chariots drawn by
horses. The Indian soldiers from Sindh and
Punjab used cotton clothes and used bows
and arrows made of cane.
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