Endometrial Cancer - OBG Live session By Dr Agalya

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*Endometrial Cancer*

*Introduction:*
Endometrial cancer is a type of cancer that originates in the lining of the uterus, known as the endometrium. It is the most common cancer of the female reproductive system and typically affects postmenopausal women, although it can occur at any age.

*Risk Factors:*
*Hormonal Factors:* Increased exposure to estrogen without progesterone, such as in women with obesity, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), or estrogen therapy without progesterone.
*Age:* Risk increases with age, with most cases diagnosed after menopause.
*Obesity:* Excess body weight is a significant risk factor for endometrial cancer due to increased estrogen production.
*Reproductive Factors:* Nulliparity (never having given birth), early menarche (onset of menstruation before age 12), late menopause (onset of menopause after age 55), and infertility are associated with higher risk.
*Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT):* Long-term use of estrogen-alone HRT without progesterone increases the risk of endometrial cancer.
*Hereditary Factors:* Genetic syndromes such as Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer) and Cowden syndrome increase the risk of endometrial cancer.

*Signs and Symptoms:*
Abnormal vaginal bleeding, such as bleeding between periods, postmenopausal bleeding, or unusually heavy periods.
Pelvic pain or discomfort.
Pain during sexual intercourse.
Unexplained weight loss.

*Diagnostic Evaluation:*
*Transvaginal Ultrasound:* Used to evaluate the thickness of the endometrium and detect any abnormalities.
*Endometrial Biopsy:* Involves removing a small sample of endometrial tissue for examination under a microscope to determine if cancer cells are present.
*Imaging Studies:* Computed tomography (CT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) scans may be used to assess the extent of disease spread.

*Treatment Options:*
*Surgery:* The primary treatment for endometrial cancer involves surgical removal of the uterus (hysterectomy) and often includes removal of the fallopian tubes and ovaries (salpingo-oophorectomy).
*Radiation Therapy:* Used to destroy cancer cells or shrink tumors using high-energy X-rays or other forms of radiation.
*Chemotherapy:* Systemic treatment with anti-cancer drugs to kill cancer cells or stop their growth.
*Hormonal Therapy:* Involves the use of medications that interfere with the hormones that promote cancer growth, such as progesterone or hormone-blocking drugs.
*Targeted Therapy:* Drugs that specifically target cancer cells with certain genetic mutations or characteristics.

*Prognosis:*
The prognosis for endometrial cancer depends on factors such as the stage of the cancer, the grade of the tumor, and the presence of certain risk factors.
Early detection and treatment often result in better outcomes, with a high likelihood of cure for localized disease.


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