Congenital Anomalies Of The Kidney🩺🚼 | Nephrology Lectures

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Congenital Anomalies of the Kidney: An Overview 🩺🚼-
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Congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT) are a group of disorders resulting from abnormal development of the kidneys and urinary tract during fetal growth 🤰.
These anomalies can range from mild, asymptomatic conditions to severe, life-threatening issues requiring early intervention. Here’s a detailed look at * some common congenital anomalies:
Renal Agenesis 🕳️ :
Absence of one or both kidneys due to failure of kidney development.
Unilateral Renal Agenesis : One kidney is absent, often asymptomatic if the other kidney is healthy.
-Bilateral Renal Agenesis : Both kidneys are absent, leading to Potter sequence and is incompatible with life.
Renal Hypoplasia 📉:
Underdeveloped kidneys that are smaller than normal but have normal morphology.
Can result in reduced kidney function, leading to hypertension and chronic kidney disease.
Horseshoe Kidney 🐎:
The lower poles of the kidneys are fused, forming a U-shape resembling a horseshoe.
Often asymptomatic, but can be associated with urinary tract infections, kidney stones, and hydronephrosis.
Multicystic Dysplastic Kidney (MCDK) 🥤
Kidneys are replaced by cysts, lacking normal renal tissue.
Usually unilateral and detected prenatally via ultrasound; may involute over time.
Polycystic Kidney Disease (PKD) 🌌:
Characterized by multiple cysts in the kidneys.
Autosomal Dominant PK : Manifests in adulthood with enlarged, cyst-filled kidneys.
Autosomal Recessive PKD: Manifests in infancy with severe renal dysfunction.
Duplicated Ureter 🚰:
The presence of two ureters draining a single kidney.
Can be associated with vesicoureteral reflux and increased risk of urinary infections.
Ectopic Kidney 📍:
A kidney located outside the normal anatomical position.
Can function normally but may be associated with urinary tract obstruction or infections.
Clinical Implications and Management 🛠️:
Diagnosis often involves prenatal ultrasound, postnatal imaging, and sometimes genetic testing.
Management depends on the severity and may include observation, surgical correction, or supportive care such as antibiotics for recurrent infections or management of hypertension.
Regular monitoring is crucial to manage potential complications like chronic kidney disease or urinary issues.

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