#BAC2025

BIOTOPE AQUARIUM MODEL: This biotope aquarium is inspired by a shallow, fast-flowing section of the upper Ciliwung River, which originates on the forested slopes of Mount Gede-Pangrango in West Java, Indonesia. The stream winds its way through a mosaic of dense secondary montane forest and agricultural landscapes, where a thick canopy provides continuous shade and contributes seasonal deposits of leaf litter.
The substrate consists of fine volcanic sand, small round pebbles, fine gravel, and occasional roots or fallen branches, mimicking the natural riverbed structure. Light penetration is soft and filtered, with dappled sunlight reaching the water surface through the overhanging riparian vegetation. The water is clear and well-oxygenated, with visible microcurrents and a moderate to strong flow.
The environmental parameters in this setup reflect natural conditions: water temperature ranges between 22 and 24°C, pH stays within 6.8 to 7.4, and total dissolved solids (TDS) remain between 30 and 70 ppm. The water is soft, with a general hardness (GH) of 35.6 to 71.2, and maintains excellent clarity with minimal suspended particles. The flow remains consistently moderate to high, simulating the energy of the upland stream.
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