Stored Grain Pest (Hindi/English) Agricultural Field Officer

Stored Grain Pest

Two Pest Categories
Primary – Cause initial injury
Secondary – Take advantage of injury.

Types of losses due to pests
Direct
Indirect

Direct losses
Actual consumption
loss of weight,
loss of nutrients,
lower germination,
reduced grade
lower market value
Contamination
Damage to structures or containers

Indirect losses
wet grain heating
bacteria
fungi
alflatoxins
parasites of humans
control and application costs
excessive pesticide residues
loss of consumer confidence

Common Facilities with Stored Product Pests
Warehouses
Stores
Homes
Bins will be covered in the lab

Pest of stored grains
Insects
Pathogens (fungi)
Rodents
Birds

Ideal Conditions for pest
Environment Conditions
Temperature 20 - 40oC
Relative humidity 60-70%
Mixing grain lots
old and new
Time
Longer storage - no insects

Common Post harvest insects
Lesser grain borer (Rhzopertha dominica),
Rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae),
Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella),
Red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum)
Lifecycle
Beetles 15-18 days
Moths 28 - 35 days

IPM: Management Tactics
Non-chemical control
Sanitation—
Physical—
Cultural—
Many of the non-chemical control methods are PREVENTATIVE
Biological Control: ?
Judicious use of insecticides
Examples of treatment plans, associated application equipment, formulations available and some products

General Principles for an IPM Program
Inspect incoming material (prevention) is the first line of defense against most stored product insects.

Inspection of incoming materials
Look for trails in dust to determine presence of insects
Boxes of grain products—
check surface of transportation vehicle and dust residues,
remove inner pack,
check box and bottom of box,
check pallets

Inspect material before putting inside kitchen pantry
Check cereal boxes, flour bags, or any grain containing food

General Principles for an IPM Program
Inspect incoming material
First in, first out
Sanitation

Sanitation
Spilled food
Flour dust
Trash containers
Broken packaging
Equipment cleaning

Sanitation
It’s one thing to clean out a kitchen pantry
Discard infested items
Vacuum
Wipe shelves down with warm soapy water

Non-chemical controls
Cold
Heat
Packaging
Mechanical destruction

Cold
Low temperature of product can retard or kill stored product pests
Grain storage silos usually have aeration equipment to pull cold air into grain in winter to kill or slow development of grain pests
Storing susceptible materials in refrigerator will slow or kill pests
Packages placed in refrigerator will kill most stored products pests if the cold penetrates to all areas of the package (4 days for a 5 lb bag of flour)

Heat
Processing plants are often heated to 120-150oF for 24 hours
Infested food can be placed in oven at 150oF for 20 minutes
Infrared and microwaves are often used to kill pests in processing

Packaging
Packaging can keep products free of insects
Newly hatched larvae can penetrate cracks 0.12 mm wide
Waxed paper and cardboard can be penetrated by stored products pests
75% of infestation occurs at folds and corners of a carton
Foil laminates can prevent most insect infestation
Glass jars and metal drums are virtually insect proof

Mechanical destruction
High rpm (2,900 rpm) will kill insects and mites

Milling and other processing equipment can mechanically destroy insect pests

Chemical control
Much changed with loss of MeBr
Contact treatments -- Ultralow volume (ULV) or Ultralow dosage (ULD) applications of pyrethrins or pyrethroids
Fogs, mists, and aerosols cannot penetrate food to kill insects
They kill exposed stages and can be used regularly to prevent infestations in the facility from attacking products
Protectant insecticides
Placed in cracks and crevices where insects rest.

Protectants
Inorganic dusts (diatomaceous earth) sometimes used to protect seeds and grains from insects
Malathion--
has been registered for application to all major grains and has been used since 1958.
EPA tolerance is 8 ppm
in recent years most of the common pest species have developed resistance to malathion
Not widely used

Protectants
Chlorpyrifos-methyl (Reldan),
Banned in 2003
Pirimiphos-methyl -- expanded registrations for stored grain insects
Not widely used
Spinosad
Registered for stored grain use in Jan. 2005.
Effective against all major insect pests.
Like Bt, it is a bacterial by-product so is considered “natural” and can thus be used on grain for any target market (including organic).

Protectants
Hydroprene (Gentrol)-- can be fogged and sprayed for control of stored products pests
Gentrol Point Source


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